|
Biserica Neagră or Black Church ((ドイツ語:Schwarze Kirche); (ルーマニア語、モルドバ語():Biserica Neagră); (ハンガリー語:Fekete templom)) is a church in Brașov, a city in south-eastern Transylvania, Romania. It was built by the German community of the city and stands as the main Gothic style monument in the country, as well as being the largest and one of the most important Lutheran (Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania) places of worship in the region. ==History== The originally-Roman Catholic structure was known as the Church of Saint Mary, replacing an older building used for the same purpose.〔Vătăşianu, p.69, 228-229〕 Construction on it began during the late 14th century, at an unknown date — analysis of related evidence has led several researchers to conclude that work began between 1383 and 1385,〔Vătășianu, p.228〕 employing Bulgarian workers and craftsmen who proceeded to establish the Brașov Bulgarian colony in Șcheii Brașovului.〔Heinz Heltmann, Gustav Servatius, ''Reiseführer Siebenbürgen'', Wort und Welt Verlag, Thaur bei Innsbruck, 1993, p.365〕〔L. Miletich, "Дако-ромънитѣ и тѣхната славянска писменость. Часть II. Нови влахо-български грамоти отъ Брашовъ: Брашов и брашовските българите („шкеи”, ''bolgárszeg'')", in ''Сборникъ за Народни Умотворения, Наука и Книжнина'', Vol. XIII, Sofia, 1896, p.16. Original text in German: "Den ersten Anfang des Anbanes dieser Vorstadt setzen alle Nachrichten, die ich finde, in die Zeit des 14 Seculi, in welchem die hiesige Stadkirche 1385 gebauet za werden anfing. Da es nämlich bei diesem wichtigen Bau an genugsamen Handleuthen aus iler Ursache fehlte … waren die Kronstädter genöthigt, sich aus den benachbarten Provinzen Arbeitsleute kommen zu lassen. Auf diese Veranlassung kammen aus Bulgarien die von uns sogenannten Belger hieher, welche … an diesem Orte, welchen wir noch die Belgerey nennen, mit Vergünstigung des löblichen Magistrates sich wohnhaft niederzulassen."〕 According to popular legend, a German child was disturbing the Bulgarian builders or told them that one of the walls was leaning. An annoyed Bulgarian pushed the child off the church tower and then immured his corpse in the church to conceal his crime.〔T. Balkanski, "Окръг Брашов", in ''Трансилванските (седмиградските) българи. Етнос. Език. Етнонимия. Ономастика. Просопографии'', IK "Znak '94", Veliko Tarnovo, p.44〕 It is known that, in its first stages, the building was serviced by a priest named Thomas (died 1410), whose grave is located in the choir area.〔Vătășianu, p.228-229, 322〕 Work on the fortifications in the surrounding area probably began at the same time as work on the church, leading in time to the completion of Brașov's third citadel.〔Vătăşianu, p.285〕 Its altar originally featured a single column, but its role in supporting the entire central structure — on the model of German cathedrals built by Hans Stettheimer (a view expressed by researchers such as Ernst Kühlbrandt and Antal Hekler) is under dispute.〔Vătășianu, p.229〕 The naves took longer to complete, and construction was interrupted for various intervals: in 1423, Pope Martin V issued an indulgence for people involved in construction, as a means to reactivate the site; in 1474, a document issued by Sixtus IV acknowledged that work was still lagging.〔Vătășianu, p.230〕 Several octagonal pillars, redesigned at least once during the building process, were probably completed around 1444.〔Vătăşianu, p.230-231〕 One of them features the inlaid crest of military leader John Hunyadi, who is mentioned among the church benefactors.〔Vătășianu, p.231〕 The most intense work took place before and after 1450, and involved completing the exceptionally large number of portals, including the northern "Golden Gate" and its adjacent altar of the Holy Sacrifice.〔Vătăşianu, p.231〕 The eastern portal, commissioned by the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus, was completed in 1476.〔Vătășianu, p.526〕 The vestry was enlarged at some point between 1500 and 1515.〔Vătăşianu, p.527〕 Completed during the 15th century (soon after 1476), the church belongs to the final stages of Gothic architecture.〔Vătășianu, p.228, 229, 230-231〕 The result was a three-nave basilica, all the same height,〔 as was preferred during the 15th and 16th centuries in the German lands, where most of the architects and masons originated. Many parts of the building show similarities with the church in Sebeș and St. Michael Church of Cluj-Napoca,〔Vătășianu, p.229-230, 231, 238, 526〕 as well as with the ''Dominikánsky kostol'' in Košice.〔Vătășianu, p.231, 237, 239〕 The design was itself an inspiration for other religious buildings in the region, and it is possible that a stonemason originally employed on the site later worked on the church in Ghimbav.〔Vătășianu, p.237-238〕 The Catholic services were replaced with Lutheran ones during the Protestant Reformation, coinciding with the influence exercised by Johannes Honter. A statue in memory of Honter was later erected by Harro Magnussen on one side of the building. The structure was partially destroyed during a great fire set by invading Habsburg forces on the April 21, 1689 (during the Great Turkish War).〔Vătășianu, p.228, 526〕 Afterwards, it became known as the ''Black Church''. A large part of the inner structure was modified during the 18th century, breaking with the original design.〔 Following the fire of 1689, Biserica Neagră was repaired with the help of masons coming from Danzig, as local craftsmen had not mastered the craft of completing the enormous vaults; these were to be completed in Baroque style. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Biserica Neagră」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|